Dimensionalizing Cultures. the Hofstede Model in Context

Unit 2 Theoretical and Methodological Issues Subunit 1 Conceptual Issues in Psychology and Culture 12-1-2011 Article 8 Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context Geert Hofstede Universities of Maastricht and Tilburg, The Netherlands, hofstede@bart.nl Recommended Citation Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 2. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss1/8 This Online Readings in Psychology and Culture Article is brought to you for free and open access (provided uses are educational in nature)by IACCP and ScholarWorks@GVSU. Copyright  © 2011 International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. All Rights Reserved.†¦show more content†¦(pp. 317-18). Many authors in the second half of the twentieth century have speculated about the nature of the basic problems of societies that would present distinct dimensions of culture (for a review see Hofstede, 2001, pp. 29-31). The most common dimension used for ordering societies is their degree of economic evolution or modernity. A one-dimensional ordering of societies from traditional to modern fitted well with the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2011 3 Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 2, Subunit 1, Chapter 8 belief in progress. Economic evolution is bound to be reflected in people’s collective mental programming, but there is no reason why economic and technological evolution should suppress other cultural variety. There exist dimensions of culture unrelated to economic evolution. U.S. anthropologist Edward T. Hall (1976) divided cultures according to their ways of communicating, into high-context (much of the information is implicit) and low-context cultures (nearly everything is explicit). In practice this distinction overlaps largely with the traditional versus modernShow MoreRelatedHofstedes Culture Dimensions Theory1112 Words   |  5 Pages What if I told you culture has a bigger role in your life than you think? Well according to Gerard Hendrik Hofstede, a Dutch social psychologist, culture is an enormous factor when it comes to analyzing a society’s values and behavior. Hofstede traveled all over the globe and interviewed several employees on their values and with that he developed an immense database that analyzed the ways cultures differ from one another. Hofstede’s culture dimensions theory consists of six dimensions: power distanceRead MoreHofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Us vs. India Essay2489 Words   |  10 Pagessurvey of employee values by IBM in the 1960’s and 1970’s. This theory describes the effects of a society’s culture on the values of that culture’s members and how those values relate to behavior. This is accomplished by using a structure resulting from factor analysis (Hofstede, 2011). This theory has been used as an example for several fields, particularly in cross-cultural psychology (Hofstede, 2011). Geert Hofstede’s original cultural dimensions theory had four dimensions from which cultural valuesRead MoreHrm Issues in the Premium Oil and Gas Case2315 Words   |  10 Pagessharing aspects. In general, one of the most significant platforms for company issues to arise are the culture differences between co-workers. Since internationalisation strategies started being implemented by enterprises on a large scale and the number of multinational companies grew rapidly, also multicultural issues have become the substantial matter to deal with. For POG case, where westernized culture of the headquarter is confronted with eastern way of thinking in Azeri subsidiary (Hercules MeetsRead MoreLessons for Joint Ventures in China4656 Words   |  19 PagesManagement across Cultures Prague College Lessons for Joint Ventures in China. Danone and Wahaha Case Study. 2 Contents 1. 2. 3. Objectives and scope. ........................................................................................................................... 3 Joint Venture: definition and relational factors.................................................................................... 4 Comparison of French Chinese cultural models. Hofstede’s model ...............Read MoreRoles Of Cross Culture Management4180 Words   |  17 PagesRole of cross culture management in acquisition 6 Chapter 3: Methodology 8 3.1 Introduction 8 3.2 Research philosophy 9 3.3 Research approach 9 3.4 Research strategy 9 3.5 Sampling and sampling techniques 11 3.6 Data collection techniques 11 3.7 Data analysis 12 3.8 Ethical considerations 12 List of figures Figure 1: A case of more brands less revenue 7 Figure 2: Managing cross culture through approaches to cross cultural trainings. 8 Question: The role of cross culture management in

Macbeth vs Scotland, PA Essay - 1114 Words

Macbeth: The thin line between tragedy and dark humor. William Shakespeare’s Macbeth has always been considered one of the literary worlds most celebrated tragedies. It is arguably the darkest and most gruesome of his plays. The protagonist, Macbeth, is the poster child for tragic hero, â€Å"a literary character who makes an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw that, combined with fate and external forces, brings on a tragedy† (www.dictionary.com). And until recently we were satisfied with that†¦ At the Cannes Film Festival in 2001, a low budget comedy was unveiled. It was called Scotland, PA. This film was written by a first-time director, Billy Morrissette, and depicts the familiar story in a surprisingly different form. The premise of†¦show more content†¦This element is key in developing the audience’s view of Macbeth and his reprehensible crimes. This scenes absence teamed with the accidental manner in which Mac commits the plotted murder of Duncan aid in securing a less contemptible opinion of Mac. Another reason we find Mac and Pat to be less evil is because of their real-world disposition that most college kids can relate to – they are â€Å"†¦not bad people – we’re just underachievers that have to make up for lost time.† This puts a comedic spin on their situation and consequently, the crimes they commit. Not to mention they are struggling for the seat of power over (DUN DUN DUN..) a local fast food restaurant that, for the most part, they deserve. Their manager is incompetent and incapable of accepting responsibility. This is illustrated immediately during the first scene in the restaurant where he is instructing Pat on how to make an ice cream cone. Kids in the store engage in a food fight and he sneaks into the bathroom to avoid the situation. Macbeth, who practically runs the store anyway, quickly throws the kids out to the applaud of the rest of the patrons. The slow motion dramatics in this scene made it hilarious and should be noted. As mentioned earlier, the manor in which Duncan’s murder is carried out helps us to form a more sympathetic view of Mac. Mac and Pat have Duncan bound and gagged in the kitchen. Mac and Pat are thenShow MoreRelatedMacbeth vs Scotland, PA Essay example2332 Words   |  10 Pagesfifteenth century, for his plays inspire many contemporary artists to present new scopes reflecting their societies. Considered as one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies, Macbeth has a completely disparate interpretation in the movie Scotland, PA, which translates the original play into a black comedy. A Scottish royal and general, Macbeth the protagonist undergoes a demonic transformation in personality, in which he unethically takes the crown by murdering numerous characters. The director of the movie

Illusions Within the Great Gatsby Free Essays

American Illusions in The Great Gatsby The American dream. Every American has his or her own ideals and preferences, but all share more or less the same dream. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald explores what happens when this dream is taken too far. We will write a custom essay sample on Illusions Within the Great Gatsby or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is one to do when the dream begins to overshadow reality? What are the consequences when a successful man allows the dream to matter more than life itself? Fitzgerald tells all through the hopeless Gatsby, idealistic Nick, and ignorant Myrtle. Mansions, cars, jewels, and extravagant parties- what more could a person want? Gatsby had it all, yet he was still empty inside, craving more. All the riches Gatsby has mean nothing without his great love, Daisy. Gatsby strived to become successful for the sole purpose of capturing Daisy’s heart. However, Gatsby’s dream is an unattainable and hopeless dream for he can never win her love. Daisy and Gatsby live only miles apart, but their relationship is eons apart, as Daisy is already attached. Gatsby is pursuing â€Å"a transcendent significance outside of society and beyond the notability of history† (Lynn 180). Gatsby is dreaming â€Å"the American dream† that anything is possible, but the tragic flaw within him is that he is living in the past and cannot see the destructive future that lies ahead. Gatsby says, â€Å"I’m going to fix everything just the way it was before,†¦ She’ll see,† and he does not realize that he cannot make it the way it was before (Fitzgerald 114). When Gatsby does get the chance to prove himself to Daisy, it is already too late. According to Fitzgerald, â€Å"the whole caravansay had fallen in like a card house at the disapproval in her eyes,† (Fitzgerald 114). Gatsby’s downfall is in the fact that he is unable to determine the fine line that divides reality and illusion in his life. The green light at the end of Daisy’s dock burns bright for Gatsby, but Gatsby does not realize that he cannot ever capture the light. He continues to dream blindly. This is evident when Nick tells Gatsby that he cannot relive the past and Gatsby replies, â€Å"Why of course you can, old sport! † (Fitzgerald 116). Gatsby’s dream of capturing Daisy’s love is based on a fantasy of romance, but the truth is that Daisy is already taken and no amount of money or popularity can change hat. His obsession leads him to come out and profess his love for Daisy, but Daisy does not follow in suit and his dream is over. Nick sums up Gatsby by saying â€Å"He did not know that [his dream] was already behind him†¦ † Gatsby’s â€Å"American dream† was a one-way street and, with unrequited love, Gatsby’s dream c an never come true. Gatsby’s â€Å"American dream† leads him to protect Daisy and causes his subsequent downfall, death. Nick has a haughty and idealistic dream of America, which clouds his own judgment. Nick is more aware than Gatsby. He makes a clear distinction between fantasy and reality. Nick is able to separate romance from real life. He has a perfectionist vision of America, and he judges people against his ideal American society. Nick is the right person in the wrong city associating with the wrong crowd. Nick is raised in an idealist middle-west society â€Å"where dwellings are still called through decades by a family’s name,† and where tradition is part of everyday life (Fitzgerald 184). Nick dreams the â€Å"American dream† that he can travel to the East and become wealthy and still have all the old-fashioned ways of his town. After spending a few months in the East, Nick comes to the realization that the East is corrupt, materialistic, and self-centered. Nick’s view on life is based on Western morals and a â€Å"western† American dream; one to which the East cannot measure up. Nick follows his dream according to his western morals of hard work and righteousness, yet in the East he possesses â€Å"some deficiency† which made him â€Å"subtly unadaptable to Eastern life† (Fitzgerald 184). Nick is portrayed as a young man who comes to the East to make his fortune, but finally goes back to the mid-west, horribly disillusioned. Nick is let down by his â€Å"American dream† and loses a part of his faith in society. Myrtle Wilson, like many other commoners among American society, has the â€Å"American dream† to move ahead and become successful. Myrtle is tired of her life as a â€Å"nobody from nowhere. † She wanted power, wealth, and fame. Myrtle’s way out of the ruins of society and the valley of the ashes is Tom. Myrtle feels a sense of power and with Tom she is closer to her â€Å"American Dream. Myrtle, as many Americans do, dreams of moving up in the social ladder, up towards the extravagant parties of the rich- the ultimate â€Å"American dream. † Myrtle had no chance of moving up with George Wilson, and she ended up having an affair with Tom to get ahead. Myrtle does not realize she is just a toy on the side for Tom, and her dre am will not likely come true. Myrtle is too foolishly stuck in her optimistic and ideal world to realize that Tom will never take a chance at moving a step down the social ladder. The naive Myrtle dreams of moving ahead with Tom and towards the rich society, yet in the end it is carelessness of that same society which causes her death. Myrtle Wilson turns out to be the brutal victim of Gatsby’s and Daisy’s love affair, as she left in the street for death while Gatsby and Daisy drive off without any thought of what they had done. â€Å"They saw that her left breast was swinging loose like a flap and there was no need to listen for the heart beneath† (Fitzgerald 145). Myrtle just wanted to attain her â€Å"American dream† like many others, but her ambition and lust for power caused her to pay the ultimate price, death. The hopelessness of Gatsby, Nick’s idealism, and Myrtle’s dream all contribute to the illusion of the American Dream. It is not simply American to dream, it is the duty of every person to dream. However, to dream too far and become too entranced and engrossed in one’s dream leads to either destructive behavior, ruin, or to disappointment. The Great Gatsby is based on this idea of an â€Å"American dream. † However, dreams that are taken too far become harmful illusions. 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Reforming U.S. Political System free essay sample

Examines theories, need for, alternative approaches to curtailing discretionary divided govt., gridlock, bureaucracy, cultural war, public indifference. Analysts have observed an increase among the electorate in both apathy and disaffection toward all levels of government. People have always complained about the bureaucracy they have to face when they have business with the government. They have always criticized programs which did not work and spending they feel is misdirected. They have also always been aware of governmental corruption and at times have been more or less willing to accept it as a given if not to tolerate it. In recent years, though, ethical questions have become more important as the public has become fed up with lapses in their bureaucratic structure. The perception is that government is beset by gridlock, incompetence, and corruption, and people have little patience with the corruption in particular. What is sought is a model of bureaucratic responsibility to deal with this issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Reforming U.S. Political System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .